If there is a most frequently asked question among college students everywhere, this has to be it. It’s a simple enough inquiry yet can create a lot of angst. Teens today start getting pressure as early as junior high to think about what they want to study in college. Yet data shows that among high school students who note an intended major when they first take the SAT or ACT, more than half change their mind before applying to college. And after they get to campus, the majority of undergraduates change their major more than once.
“Every student’s journey is so different,” says Julia Vincent BS’13 MS’15, academic advisor and director of major exploration at the University of Utah. “Some students come to us very confident in their decision, some agonize over it, and some don’t stress enough.” Then there are those who get derailed trying to please others, realize late in the game that they dislike what they’re studying, or really just have no clue.
Yet the inevitable truth is that students must declare to graduate. And with 88 majors to choose from at the U, the choice can be daunting. Not to mention, there are a lot of misconceptions out there that only complicate things more. In an effort to make this decision process as successful as possible for everyone involved, this guide dispels common myths and shares experiences, trends, and advice from U academic advisors, career coaches, recruiters, students, and alumni.
I’m already behind schedule.
Stan Inman, director of the U Career and Professional Development Center, likes to nip this one in the bud. “You are where you are,” he assures. “You’re in a better position than you think to make this decision.” He says many students are undecided simply because they haven’t purposefully explored their interests and values.
Advisors recommend starting the “discovery” process as early as possible, allowing time later for a “rediscovery,” if needed. But when it comes to actually declaring a major, there is no magic deadline. The U requires all students to visit with an academic advisor their freshman year and loosely encourages them to declare a major by the third semester.
“I like to assess timing on an individual basis,” says Vincent. “If a student is interested in a shorter major, I don’t rush them. If they’re interested in a more technical program with a linear four-year schedule, I suggest starting the major sooner.” She also recommends mapping out a parallel plan. That way, if students don’t get into a competitive major or want to shift gears, they have another path already in the works.
Once I’ve chosen a major, I have to stick with it.
For a variety of reasons, students often feel like they have to stay loyal to their declared major. They may have concerns about spending more time and money or about other losses such as disappointing others or giving up an identity they’ve held onto since childhood. (“But I’ve always wanted to be a teacher and everyone thinks I’d be good at it.”)
It's reassuring to note that, according to a data analysis by the Education Advisory Board, students can switch majors any time before their sixth semester without impacting the time it takes to graduate—and they found that up to 85 percent of undergrads do change their major at least once.
Itzel Hernandez BA’16 was only six classes away from graduating when she realized that she didn’t like her science major and no longer wanted to become a dentist—a career she had been preparing for since high school. “As a first-generation college student, I selected my first major by seeking a future job title rather than my passions,” she explains. “As I neared the end of my third year, I dreaded being in the classroom.”
After some self-reflection, Hernandez decided to add a second major that she was more passionate about (political science), even though it meant adding three more semesters. “I didn’t want to finish college disliking the main purpose of why I was there,” she says. “I wanted to leave the U with career options I would enjoy.” Three years later, she now works at a job she loves with the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute in Washington, D.C., and is preparing for law school.
Vincent says she often works with students like Hernandez who realize later in their academic journey that they aren’t happy with their major. She helps them take a closer look at alternatives to changing majors, such as shifting gears after graduation or adding skills through a work experience. And if additional time in school is required, Vincent says they have to ask themselves, “Is this extra semester or two worth it if it makes me happier in the long run?”
My major will define the rest of my career.
“There isn’t always a direct link between your degree and your career,” explains Beth Howard, director of the U’s Academic Advising Center. “Many students graduating today will likely end up in jobs that don’t even exist yet. The key is to make your education a foundation from which you can continue to grow throughout your career.”
U career coach Lindsey Kass-Green agrees. “While a major doesn’t necessarily equal a career, exploration for both a major and a career should happen in tandem.” She points out that, with the exception of specialized fields, most degrees have more career flexibility than people might think. Take English graduates, for example. “Contrary to stereotypes, they don’t all end up as starving authors,” she says. “According to our data, a large number of English grads from the U have gone into law, computer science, finance, medicine, and even electronic gaming.”
And from a recruiter’s perspective, Casey Peay MA’07 agrees that a major doesn’t lock you into a career. “You may be a self-taught coder with a degree in psychology and still qualify for a tech job,” says Peay, a principal director of program management at Microsoft. “Recruiters look for experiences gained in school and the ability to translate those experiences into a future job.”
If I major in liberal arts, I won’t get a job.
Inman, who’s been in the career coaching business for 20-plus years, says that liberal arts majors shouldn’t be underestimated. “Successful graduates come from all disciplines,” he says. “Over time, our liberal arts, humanities, or social science graduates can sometimes professionally and economically outpace some of our technical majors.”
A 2017 study by David Deming, an associate professor of education and economics at Harvard, found that jobs requiring both the so-called soft skills and thinking skills have seen the largest growth in employment and pay in the last three decades. In addition, the National Association of Colleges and Employers identifies the top competencies that recruiters look for above all else in college graduates, such as problem solving, teamwork, communication, leadership, and so on (see sidebar on p. 28).
Vincent reminds us that these are precisely the skills that are honed and developed in liberal arts classes (which include literature, philosophy, arts, language, history, and social sciences). But she also advises students in these majors to supplement with some type of technical skill, which might mean extra classes, a minor, or even grad school. She calls this the “T professional” model. “You have a broad base of skills as the top stroke of the T,” she says. “And then go deep in a technical or niche area of expertise for the stem of the T.”
Encourage students to try new things and have fun.
Howard says the discovery process doesn’t just magically happen; students need to “own it” and start meaningful exploration as early as possible. She highly recommends the UGS/LEAP Major Exploration course, a one-credit class dedicated entirely to examining yourself, majors, and careers.
Vincent adds how important it is to be supportive of all the classes students choose. “Let them try it out and find out if they like it or not,” she says. And this includes fun classes, too, such as ceramics and skiing. “We see students be more successful when they can switch gears and take classes they really enjoy attending.”
Ask helpful questions.
If your grandson tells you he wants to major in, say, modern dance instead of economics and you feel trepidation, what should you say? Vincent says this is when it helps to be prepared with useful questions to better understand the reasons behind choices. So rather than asking, “What are you going to do with that?” you could perhaps ask, “What interests you about that major?”
And even further, she recommends asking students about what they value. “They often know their interests and have a good idea of abilities but haven’t thought about what’s important to them,” she says. Students commonly say they “want to help people” in their profession. She follows that up with, “Who do you want to help, and how do you want to help them?” She points out that in addition to doctors and nurses, other professionals—financial planners, for example—also help people.
Support internships and work experience.
How does a student stand out when hundreds of others are vying for the same job? “Through experience, academic achievements, and persistence,” says Peay, who in hindsight wishes that he would have pursued more internships in college. “More hands-on experience could have really helped me determine what I liked and wanted to go into after I graduated.”
Kass-Green confirms that work experience is more important than ever, getting more weight with recruiters than the choice of major or GPA. “Early experience is important, even if it’s a campus job,” she says. “As students get farther along, career-related experiences such as internships and capstone projects become invaluable career-building opportunities.”
My high school careers programs expected me to have chosen a precise career by the time I graduated so I would know exactly what to study when I got to college. I did know what I wanted to study when I started college, but I had no idea what kind of career I wanted. I thought maybe I had failed. Here I am now about to finish up a PhD and transition to a career outside my academic field, and half the jobs I’m applying for didn’t exist when I graduated high school! The world changes fast. Most important are to develop your ability to learn new things and take on challenges, and then add in the domain knowledge. With a strong ability to learn knew things, you can always pivot to a new field if you find you don’t want to stay where you are at currently. Focus more on that than the exact major (or better yet, choose a major that will help you develop those skills).
Look at your dream job postings on Indeed or Glassdoor and take note of the required qualifications such as degrees and skills. Broader majors like Biology provide more job options than something like Marine Biology, and understanding the necessary skills required for your dream job can be introduced in the classes you choose to take! If I knew what skills were required for Genomics and Bioinformatics I would have taken a CS class or two. I would have also started undergraduate research sooner knowing how important that was.
You also don’t have to be married to your major if you decide it’s not for you!
My major was a self described major… undergrad had no international marketing degree at the time. I latched into what I wanted, careful chose courses that directly increased my skill set, and went before the board of regents. The outcome? International Business And Communications. If you see the future, grab it! Don’t be afraid to invent in order to fulfill a niche.
General Ed and elective courses are not required to make your life miserable. They are available to expose you to new facets of life. Take as many different classes as you can and remain open to pursuing areas that you find interesting. Then, start building a network in that area; talk to the professors, interview professionals, attend conferences. Many people will be willing to offer their time to mentor students. Then plan your courses with the help of counsellors and look for summer internships to test your continued interest in the subject. If this is the major for you, great! If not, don’t be afraid to start the process again.
Be able to solve problems in your field of interest. Life outside work allows us to ‘wonder,’ but your chosen profession is about creating something better. Be practical and purposeful when choosing how you study what you are studying.
Do your research on the job market, before picking a major. I wished I had really looked into what I wanted to do with my degree after I graduated, versus what I wanted as a major. We lose focus on what our degree can do for us, versus what will make us happy in school. I would also research the cost of the degree and make sure you are willing to take on the debt or cost of school. A degree is an investment and you want to get the most you can, from your investment.
Don’t change your major for fear of a lack of potential career choices or salary after graduation- I did, and while my career has been great, I look forward with eagerness to returning and “starting over” on the path I wish I’d never left. #uofuanthropology
For me, it helped to interview professionals working in different fields of study that interested me and ask them questions about their career (how their undergrad helped them to find work, what kind of work they do, what a day in their field of employment looks like, etc.). It’s important to do your research and find out: if the degree you’re pursuing will provide you with relevant skills and expertise for your chosen career field, has a real return on investment, and is of interest to you.